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Obesity has skyrocketed among children and adolescents bombarded by “unethical” marketing of junk food, outpacing undernourishment to become the leading form of malnutrition worldwide for the first time among those aged five to 19, the United Nations agency for children warned on Tuesday.

In a dire report, Unicef projected that nearly one in 10 individuals within that age group will be living with the chronic disease in 2025, fuelled by easy availability of ultra-processed foods “even in countries still grappling with child undernutrition”.

Today, “when we talk about malnutrition, we are no longer just talking about underweight children,” Unicef chief Catherine Russell said in a statement on the report’s release. “Ultra-processed food is increasingly replacing fruits, vegetables and protein at a time when nutrition plays a critical role in children’s growth, cognitive development and mental health.”

The fight to reduce world hunger is bearing fruit in some areas, with the prevalence of underweight youths on a downward trend, falling from 13 per cent to 10pc between 2000 and 2022 among 5-19 year olds, according to data collected in 190 countries. However, over the same period, overweight numbers in the age range have soared, doubling between 2000 and 2022 from 194 to 391 million.

The spike is even more pronounced for obesity, a more serious form of overweight associated with metabolic disorders such as diabetes, certain cancers, anxiety and depression. In 2022, 8pc of those aged five to 19 worldwide, or 163 million, were obese, compared to 3pc in 2000.

Failure of society

Given the distinct trends, Unicef believes “a historic turning point” was reached this year, with the global prevalence of obesity at 9.4pc of the age group surpassing that of underweight, at 9.2pc. According to the projections, 188 million children and adolescents are obese.

Unicef bluntly described the primary culprit not as poor nutrition decisions by families, but unethical business practices designed to generate profits. Children “are being bombarded by… unhealthy food marketing of junk foods,” especially at school where they are exposed to sugary drinks and salty snacks, Katherine Shats, a Unicef legal expert in nutrition, told AFP. Such products are often cheaper than fresh foods like fruits, vegetables and proteins, which are being steadily replaced in families’ diets.

Unicef stresses the fault lies neither with children nor their families, but “a failure of society to protect the environments that children grow up in”. It also criticized what it called the false narrative that participating in sports can offset unhealthy diets. “It is impossible to ‘outrun’ the health consequences of a diet high in free sugars, refined starches, salt, trans-fats, harmful additives and excessive energy through physical activity alone.”

Urgent measures

Historically, levels of overweight have been higher in more developed nations. They remain high for example, in Chile, at 27pc in the five to 19 age group, and in the United States at 21pc. But since 2000, the gap between rich and poor countries has narrowed, with obesity rates soaring in some Pacific islands, where imports are replacing traditional products. In tiny Nieu, the age group’s obesity rate has reached 38pc, with the Cook Islands topping 37pc.

For some nations, it is a double curse as they grapple with both undernutrition and growing obesity. Shats laments that in certain conflict zones or areas with humanitarian crises, large food and beverage companies are taking advantage of such situations and donating ultra-processed foods to promote their own image and their marketing tactics.

So while children lack the availability of nutritional food, what they do gain access to is “this very unhealthy food because of these really predatory tactics from the industry,” she said. Unicef is urging governments to take binding measures, including advertising restrictions, taxes on sugary drinks and unhealthy foods, and policies that encourage the production of fresh produce.